Inkomoko: Ubworozi bw'amahanga, Ingurube n'inkoko, No.01,2019

Ibisobanuro: Uru rupapuro rutangiza ikoreshwa ryaantibiotique mukubyara inkoko, n'ingaruka zabyo ku mikorere y’inkoko, imikorere y’umubiri, flora yo mu mara, ubwiza bw’ibikomoka ku nkoko, ibisigazwa by’ibiyobyabwenge no kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge, ikanasesengura ibyifuzo by’icyerekezo ndetse n’iterambere ry’ejo hazaza rya antibiotike mu nganda z’inkoko.

Amagambo y'ingenzi: antibiotike; inkoko; imikorere; imikorere yubudahangarwa; ibisigazwa by'ibiyobyabwenge; kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge

Icyiciro cyo hagati Icyiciro No: S831 Ikirangantego cyinyandiko: C Ingingo No.: 1001-0769 (2019) 01-0056-03

Antibiyotike cyangwa imiti ya antibacterial irashobora kubuza no kwica mikorobe ziterwa na bagiteri zimwe na zimwe. Ibindi byinshi byatangaje ku nshuro ya mbere ko kongeramo antibiyotike mu biryo byongereye cyane kwiyongera ibiro bya buri munsi [1] muri broilers. Nyuma yaho, raporo nk'izo zagiye ziyongera buhoro buhoro.Mu myaka ya za 90, ubushakashatsi ku miti igabanya ubukana mu nganda z’inkoko bwatangiriye mu Bushinwa. Ubu, antibiyotike zirenga 20 zimaze gukoreshwa cyane, zigira uruhare runini mu guteza imbere umusaruro w’inkoko no gukumira no kurwanya indwara.Iterambere ry’ubushakashatsi ry’ingaruka za antibiyotike ku nkoko ryatangijwe ku buryo bukurikira.

1; Ingaruka za antibiotique kumikorere yinkoko

Umuhondo, dinamike, bacidin zinc, amamycine, nibindi, birashobora gukoreshwa mugutezimbere gukura, uburyo ni: kubuza cyangwa kwica bagiteri zo munda zo mu mara, bikabuza ikwirakwizwa rya bagiteri zangiza amara, kugabanya indwara; kora urukuta rw'amara rw'inyamaswa kunanura, kongera imbaraga zo mu mara zo mu nda, kwihutisha kwinjiza intungamubiri; kubuza mikorobe zo munda no gukora, kugabanya gukoresha mikorobe yintungamubiri ningufu, no kongera intungamubiri mu nkoko; kubuza bagiteri yangiza amara ibyara metabolite yangiza [2] .Guhindura et al yongeyeho antibiyotike yo kugaburira inkoko zamagi, byongereye ibiro byumubiri 6.24% mugihe cyikigeragezo kirangiye, kandi bigabanya inshuro zimpiswi na [3] .Wan Jianmei et al yongeyeho dosiye zitandukanye za Virginamycin na enricamycin mumirire yibanze ya broilers ya AA yumunsi 1, ibyo bikaba byongereye cyane ikigereranyo cyo kwiyongera kwibiro bya buri munsi byiminsi 11 kugeza 20 broilers hamwe nimpuzandengo yo kugaburira buri munsi yiminsi 22 kugeza 41 broilers; wongeyeho flavamycin (5 mg / kg) byongereye cyane ikigereranyo cyibiro bya buri munsi bya broilers zimaze iminsi 22 kugeza 41.Ni Jiang nibindi. wongeyeho 4 mg / kg lincomycine na 50 mg / kg zinc; na 20 mg / kg colistine kuri 26 d, byongereye cyane kwiyongera ibiro bya buri munsi [5] .Wang Manhong nibindi. hiyongereyeho enlamycine, bacracin zinc na naceptide kuri 42, d buri munsi mu minsi 1 y’ibiryo by’inkoko AA, byagize ingaruka zikomeye zo gukura, hamwe n’ikigereranyo cyo kongera ibiro bya buri munsi no gufata ibiryo byiyongereye, kandi umubare w’inyama wagabanutse [6].

2; Ingaruka za antibiotique kumikorere yubudahangarwa mu nkoko

Imikorere yubudahangarwa bwamatungo n’inkoko igira uruhare runini mukuzamura indwara no kugabanya indwara. Abanyeshuri bagaragaje ko gukoresha antibiyotike igihe kirekire bizabuza iterambere ry’ingingo z’umubiri w’inkoko, bigabanya imikorere y’umubiri kandi byoroshye kwandura indwara.Ni uburyo bwo gukingira indwara ni: kwica mu buryo butaziguye mikorobe zo mu nda cyangwa kubuza imikurire yazo, kugabanya imitekerereze ya epitelium yo mu nda hamwe na lymphoide yo mu mara, bityo bikagabanya imikorere yumubiri wumubiri. Sisitemu; kubangamira synthesis ya immunoglobuline; kugabanya fagocytose selile; no kugabanya ibikorwa bya mitoto ya lymphocytes z'umubiri [7] .Jin Jiushan n'abandi. hiyongereyeho 0,06%, 0.010% na 0.15% bya chloramphenicol kuminsi 2 kugeza kuri 60 broilers zimaze iminsi 2, zikaba zaragize ingaruka zikomeye zo kubuza inkoko indwara ya dysentery hamwe nindwara ya tifoyide yo mu bwoko bwa tifoyide, ariko yabujije cyane kandi ikabangamira [8] mubice, amagufwa na hemocytopoiesis.Zhang Rijun et al yagaburiye broilers yumunsi 1 indyo irimo mg / kg 150 ya zahabu, kandi uburemere bwa thymus, spleen na bursa bwaragabanutse cyane [9] ku minsi 42. Guo Xinhua n'abandi. wongeyeho mg / kg 150 ya gilomycine mu biryo by’igitsina gabo AA-umunsi wumunsi 1, bikabuza cyane iterambere ryingingo nka bursa, ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri urwanya urwenya, nigipimo cyo guhindura lymphocytes T na lymphocytes B.Ni Jiang nibindi. yagaburiwe 4 mg / kg lincomycine hydrochloride, 50 mg na 20 mg / kg broilers, hamwe na bursac index na thymus index na spleen index ntabwo byahindutse cyane. Ururenda rwa IgA muri buri gice cy'amatsinda atatu rwaragabanutse cyane, kandi ingano ya serumu IgM mu itsinda rya bactereracin zinc yagabanutse cyane [5] .Nyamara, Jia Yugang n'abandi. wongeyeho mg / kg 50 ya gilomycine mumirire yumunsi wumunsi wumugabo kugirango wongere ubwinshi bwa immunoglobuline IgG na IgM mu nkoko zo muri Tibet, guteza imbere irekurwa rya cytokine IL-2, IL-4 na INF-in serumu, bityo bikazamura imikorere yubudahangarwa [11], bitandukanye nubundi bushakashatsi.

3; Ingaruka za antibiotique kuri flora amara yinkoko

Hariho mikorobe zitandukanye mu nzira yigifu yinkoko zisanzwe, zikomeza kuringaniza imbaraga binyuze mumikoranire, zifasha gukura no gukura kwinkoko.Nyuma yo gukoresha cyane antibiyotike, gupfa no kugabanuka kwa bagiteri zoroshye mumyanya yigifu. uburyo bwo kubuzanya hagati ya flora ya bagiteri, bikaviramo kwandura bundi bushya.Nkintu gishobora kubuza neza mikorobe, imiti ya antibacterial irashobora guhagarika no kwica mikorobe zose ziri mu nkoko, zishobora gutera indwara zifungura no gutera indwara zifata igifu. Muri Jianming nibindi. wongeyeho 100 mg / kg gilomycine mumirire yibanze yinkoko yumunsi 1 winkoko AA, umubare wa Lactobacillus na bifidobacterium mumurongo wiminsi 7 wari muto cyane ugereranije nitsinda rishinzwe kugenzura, nta tandukaniro rikomeye ryari hagati yumubare wa bagiteri zombi nyuma y'iminsi 14 y'amavuko; umubare wa Escherichia coli wari muke cyane ugereranije nitsinda rishinzwe kugenzura iminsi 7,14,21 na 28, na [12] hamwe nitsinda rishinzwe kugenzura nyuma. Ikizamini cya Zhou Yanmin nabandi cyerekanye ko antibiyotike yabujije jejunum, E. coli na Salmonella, kandi yabujije cyane ikwirakwizwa rya Lactobacillus [13] .Ma Yulong n'abandi. kugaburira ibiryo by'ibigori bya soya yumunsi 1 byongewemo 50 mg / kg aureomycine kuri AA inkoko za AA kuri 42 d, bikagabanya umubare wa Clostridium enterica na E. coli, ariko nta musaruro ugaragara [14] kuri bagiteri zose zo mu kirere, bagiteri zose za anaerobic nimero ya Lactobacillus.Wu opan et al yongeyeho mg / kg 20 Virginiamycin kumirire yinkoko AA yumunsi 1, yagabanije polymorphism yibimera byo munda, byagabanije iminsi 14 yimitsi ya ileal na cecal, ikanagaragaza itandukaniro rinini mubikarita ya bagiteri isa [15] .Xie et al yongeyeho cephalosporin mumirire yimishwi yumuhondo wumunsi wumunsi 1 isanga ingaruka zayo zibuza L. lactis mu mara mato, ariko irashobora kugabanya cyane umubare wa L. bactereracin zinc na 30 mg / kg Virginiamycin, byagabanije cyane umubare wa cechia coli na Lactobacillus muri broilers zimaze iminsi 42.Yin Luyao nabandi bongeyeho 0.1 g / kg ya bacracin zinc premix kuri 70 d, byagabanije ubwinshi bwa bacteri zangiza muri cecum, ariko ubwinshi bwa mikorobe ya cecum nabwo bwaragabanutse [18] .Hariho na raporo nke zinyuranye zivuga ko hiyongereyeho mg 20 / kg sulfate antienemy irashobora kongera cyane umubare wa bifidobacterium [19] mubirimo cecal yibirimo broilers-yiminsi 21.

4; Ingaruka za antibiotique ku bwiza bw’ibicuruzwa by’inkoko

Ubwiza bw'inkoko n'amagi bifitanye isano rya bugufi n'agaciro k'imirire, kandi ingaruka za antibiotique ku bwiza bw’ibikomoka ku nkoko ntizihuza. Ku minsi 60, wongeyeho mg / kg 5 kuri 60 d bishobora kongera umuvuduko w’amazi y’imitsi kandi bikagabanya umuvuduko. y'inyama zitetse, kandi wongere ibirimo aside irike idahagije, acide polyunsaturated fatty acide na acide fatty acide ijyanye no gushya no kuryoshya, byerekana ko antibiyotike igira ingaruka mbi kumiterere yumubiri wubwiza bwinyama kandi ishobora kunoza uburyohe 20 ] mu mitsi yo mu gatuza k'inkoko. Kuva 0,03% gilomycine kugeza ku minsi 56 y'amavuko, ubwicanyi bwiyongereyeho 0,28%, 2.72%, 8,76%, imitsi yo mu gatuza yiyongereyeho 8,76%, na igipimo cy'ibinure byo munda ku gipimo cya 19.82% ] .Yang Minxin yagaburiye mg / kg 45 ya gilomycine kuminsi 1 yumunsi wibanze wibiryo bya AA broilers byagabanije cyane gutakaza umuvuduko wimitsi yigituza kandi byiyongera cyane [23] hamwe nubuzima bwa T-SOD urwego rwa T-AOC mumitsi yamaguru.Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Zou Qiang nabandi mugihe kimwe cyo kugaburira muburyo butandukanye bwo korora bwerekanye ko agaciro ka mastatorique yo kumenya amabere yinkoko anti-cage gushi yateye imbere cyane; ariko ubwuzu nuburyohe byari byiza kandi amanota yo gusuzuma amarangamutima yazamutse cyane [24] .Liu Wenlong nabandi. yasanze igiteranyo cyibintu bihumura neza, aldehydes, alcool na ketone byari hejuru cyane ugereranije ninkoko zubusa kuruta inkoko zo munzu. Ubworozi utongeyeho antibiyotike bushobora kuzamura cyane uburyohe bwa [25] mu magi kuruta antibiotike.

5; Ingaruka za antibiyotike ku bisigazwa bikomoka ku nkoko

Mu myaka yashize, ibigo bimwe na bimwe bikurikirana inyungu z’uruhande rumwe, kandi gukoresha nabi antibiyotike bituma habaho kwiyongera kw’ibisigisigi bya antibiyotike mu bicuruzwa by’inkoko.Wang Chunyan n'abandi basanze ibisigazwa bya tetracycline mu nkoko n'amagi byari 4.66 mg / kg na 7.5 mg / kg kg uko bikurikirana, igipimo cyo gutahura cyari 33.3% na 60%; ibisigisigi byinshi bya streptomycine mu magi byari 0,7 mg / kg naho igipimo cyo kumenya cyari 20% [26] .Wang Chunlin n'abandi. kugaburira indyo yingufu nyinshi hiyongeraho 50 mg / kg ya gilmomycine kugeza inkoko yumunsi 1. Inkoko yari ifite ibisigara bya gilomycine mu mwijima no mu mpyiko, hamwe na [27] ntarengwa mu mwijima. Nyuma ya 12 d, ibisigisigi bya gilmycine mu mitsi yo mu gatuza ntibyari munsi ya 0,10 g / g (ntarengwa ntarengwa); ibisigara mu mwijima no mu mpyiko byari 23 d bikurikiranye ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; yari munsi y’igipimo ntarengwa gisigaye [28] nyuma ya 28 d.Lin Xiaohua yari ihwanye n’ibice 173 by’amatungo n’inyama z’inkoko byakusanyirijwe i Guangzhou kuva 2006 kugeza 2008, igipimo kirenga cyari 21.96%, kandi ibikubiyemo byari 0.16 mg / kg ~ 9.54 mg / kg. gisigaye [30] mu byitegererezo by'igi. Iyo Lin n'abandi. yerekanye ko hamwe no kongera igihe cyibiyobyabwenge, kwirundanya kwa antibiotike mumitsi yigituza, imitsi yamaguru numwijima, amoxicillin na antibiotique, amoxicillin na Doxycycline mumagi yihanganira, nibindi byinshi [31] mumagi yihanganira.Qiu Jinli nibindi. yahaye 250 mg / L kuri broilers yiminsi itandukanye ;;; na 333 mg / L ya 50% ya hydrochloride yifu ya elegitoronike rimwe kumunsi kuri 5 d, ibyinshi mubice byumwijima nibisigara byinshi mumwijima no mumitsi munsi [32] nyuma yo gukuramo 5 d.

6; Ingaruka za antibiotique mukurwanya ibiyobyabwenge mu nkoko

Gukoresha igihe kirekire cyane antibiyotike mu bworozi n’inkoko bizabyara bagiteri nyinshi zidashobora kurwanya imiti, ku buryo flora mikorobe yose itera indwara izahinduka buhoro buhoro yerekeza ku cyerekezo cyo kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge [33] .Mu myaka yashize, hagaragaye imiti irwanya ibiyobyabwenge muri bacteri zikomoka ku nkoko ziragenda zirushaho gukomera, imiti irwanya ibiyobyabwenge iragenda yiyongera, imiti irwanya ibiyobyabwenge iragenda yaguka, kandi no kumva antibiyotike iragabanuka, ibyo bikaba bizana ingorane zo gukumira no kurwanya indwara.Liu Jinhua et al. 116 S. aureus itandukanijwe n’imirima imwe y’inkoko i Beijing na Hebei yasanze urwego rutandukanye rwo kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge, cyane cyane kurwanya indwara nyinshi, kandi S. aureus irwanya ibiyobyabwenge ifite gahunda yo kwiyongera uko umwaka utashye [34] .Zhang Xiuying n'abandi. Gutandukanya imirongo 25 ya Salmonella mu mirima imwe y’inkoko yo muri Jiangxi, Liaoning na Guangdong, yumvaga gusa kanamycin na ceftriaxone, kandi igipimo cyo kurwanya aside nalidixic, streptomycine, tetracycline, sulfa, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin, ampisilline na fluoroquinolone nyinshi. 35] .Urubanza Yuan n'abandi. yasanze amoko 30 E. coli yitaruye muri Harbin yari afite sensibilité zitandukanye kuri antibiotique 18, kurwanya imiti myinshi, amoxicillin / potassium clavulanate, ampicillin na ciprofloxacin yari 100%, kandi yunvikana cyane [36] kuri amtreonam, amomycine na polymyxine B.Wang Qiwen n'abandi. gutandukanya amoko 10 ya streptococcus mu ngingo z’inkoko zapfuye, zirwanya rwose aside nalidixic na lomesloxacin, yunvikana cyane na kanamycin, polymyxin, lecloxacin, novovomycin, vancomycine na meloxicillin, kandi ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya [antibiya nyinshi]. Imirongo 72 ya jejuni ifite impamyabumenyi zitandukanye zo kurwanya quinolone, cephalosporine, tetracycline irwanya cyane, penisiline, sulfonamide irwanya hagati, macrolide, aminoglycoside, lincoamide irwanya ubukana buke [38] .Umurima wavanze coccidium, madurycin, chloropepyridine, halilomycine no kurwanya byuzuye [39].

Muri make, gukoresha antibiyotike mu nganda z’inkoko birashobora kunoza imikorere y’umusaruro, kugabanya indwara, ariko gukoresha igihe kirekire kandi byinshi gukoresha antibiyotike ntabwo bigira ingaruka gusa ku mikorere y’ubudahangarwa no mu nda y’ibinyabuzima byangiza ibidukikije, kugabanya ubwiza bw’inyama nuburyohe, kuri icyarimwe kizatanga imiti irwanya bagiteri hamwe n’ibisigisigi by’ibiyobyabwenge mu nyama n’amagi, bigira ingaruka ku gukumira indwara z’inkoko no kugenzura no kwihaza mu biribwa, byangiza ubuzima bw’abantu.Mu 1986, Suwede ni yo ya mbere yabujije antibiyotike mu biryo, naho mu 2006, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi uhagarika antibiyotike mu matungo kandi ibiryo by'inkoko, kandi buhoro buhoro ku isi hose. Muri 2017, Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ryasabye guhagarika antibiyotike hagamijwe gukumira indwara no gukura neza ku nyamaswa. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ni inzira rusange yo gukora cyane ubushakashatsi ku bundi buryo bwa antibiyotike, guhuza hamwe no gushyira mu bikorwa izindi ngamba n’ikoranabuhanga mu micungire, no guteza imbere ubworozi bw’ubworozi-bwirinda, nabwo buzahinduka icyerekezo cy’iterambere ry’inganda z’inkoko mu bihe biri imbere.

Reba: (ingingo 39, usibye)