Isi ikonje - Isi Yera

01 Ibara ryubuzima bwumubumbe

Hamwe na satelite nyinshi cyangwa sitasiyo zo mu kirere ziguruka mu kirere, amafoto menshi nisi yisi yoherezwa inyuma.Dukunze kwisobanura nk'umubumbe w'ubururu kuko 70% by'ubutaka bw'isi butwikiriwe ninyanja.Isi igenda ishyuha, umuvuduko wo gushonga kw'ibarafu mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfo yihuta, kandi inyanja izakomeza kwiyongera, yangiza ubutaka buriho.Mu bihe biri imbere, ubuso bw'inyanja buzaba bunini, kandi ikirere cy'isi kizarushaho kuba ingorabahizi.Uyu mwaka urashyushye cyane, umwaka utaha urakonje cyane, umwaka ubanza wumye cyane, kandi umwaka ukurikira imvura itaha iteye ubwoba.Twese tuvuga ko isi isa nkaho idakwiriye guturwa n'abantu, ariko mubyukuri, iri ni ihinduka rito risanzwe ryisi.Imbere y'amategeko akomeye n'imbaraga za kamere, abantu ntacyo aricyo.

Hamwe na satelite nyinshi cyangwa sitasiyo zo mu kirere ziguruka mu kirere, amafoto menshi nisi yisi yoherezwa inyuma.Dukunze kwisobanura nk'umubumbe w'ubururu kuko 70% by'ubutaka bw'isi butwikiriwe ninyanja.Isi igenda ishyuha, umuvuduko wo gushonga kw'ibarafu mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfo yihuta, kandi inyanja izakomeza kwiyongera, yangiza ubutaka buriho.Mu bihe biri imbere, ubuso bw'inyanja buzaba bunini, kandi ikirere cy'isi kizarushaho kuba ingorabahizi.Uyu mwaka urashyushye cyane, umwaka utaha urakonje cyane, umwaka ubanza wumye cyane, kandi umwaka ukurikira imvura itaha iteye ubwoba.Twese tuvuga ko isi isa nkaho idakwiriye guturwa n'abantu, ariko mubyukuri, iri ni ihinduka rito risanzwe ryisi.Imbere y'amategeko akomeye n'imbaraga za kamere, abantu ntacyo aricyo.

Mu 1992, Joseph Kirschvink, umwarimu wa geologiya mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’ikoranabuhanga rya Kaliforuniya, yakoresheje bwa mbere ijambo “Isi ya Snowball”, nyuma yaje gushyigikirwa no kunozwa n’abahanga mu bumenyi bwa geologiya.Snowball Isi ni hypothesis idashobora kugenwa neza muri iki gihe, ikoreshwa mu gusobanura ibihe binini kandi bikomeye cyane mu mateka y'isi.Ikirere cy'isi cyari kigoye cyane, ku buryo impuzandengo ya dogere selisiyusi 40-50 ku isi, kugeza aho isi yari ikonje cyane ku buryo isi yari ifite urubura gusa.

02 Igipfukisho c'Urubura rw'isi ya Snowball

Isi ya Snowball ishobora kuba yarabaye muri Neoproterozoic (hashize imyaka miriyari 1-6), iyigihe cya Proterozoic ya Precambrian.Amateka y'isi ni kera cyane kandi ni maremare.Byaravuzwe mbere ko imyaka miriyoni yamateka yabantu ari guhumbya isi gusa.Dukunze gutekereza ko Isi iriho idasanzwe muguhindura abantu, ariko mubyukuri, ntakintu nakimwe mumateka yisi nubuzima.Ibihe bya Mesozoic, Archean, na Proterozoic (hamwe bizwi ku izina rya Cryptozoic, bitwara imyaka igera kuri miriyari 4 z'isi ya miliyari 4,6), naho Ediacaran mu gihe cya Neoproterozoic yo mu gihe cya Proterozoic ni igihe cyihariye cy'ubuzima ku isi.

Mugihe cyisi ya Snowball, isi yari yuzuyeho urubura na barafu, nta nyanja cyangwa ubutaka.Mu ntangiriro yiki gihe, ku isi hari igice kimwe gusa cyiswe supercontinent (Rodinia) hafi ya ekwateri, naho ahandi hantu hari inyanja.Iyo Isi imeze neza, ibirunga bikomeza guturika, amabuye menshi nibirwa bigaragara hejuru yinyanja, kandi ubutaka bukomeje kwaguka.Dioxyde de carbone itangwa n'ibirunga bitwikiriye Isi, bigira ingaruka za parike.Ibibarafu, nkubu, byibanze ku nkingi y’amajyaruguru n’amajyepfo yisi, ntibishobora gutwikira ubutaka hafi ya ekwateri.Mugihe ibikorwa byisi bihagaze neza, kuruka kwikirunga nabyo bitangira kugabanuka, kandi na dioxyde de carbone mu kirere nayo itangira kugabanuka.Umusanzu w'ingenzi mu kwinjiza karuboni ya dioxyde de ikirere.Ukurikije ibyiciro bigize imyunyu ngugu, urutare rugabanijwemo cyane amabuye ya silikatike na karubone.Amabuye ya silikate akurura ikirere cya CO2 mugihe cyikirere, hanyuma akabika CO2 muburyo bwa CaCO3, bigakora ingaruka ya geologiya ingero ya karubone (> miriyoni 1).Ikirere cya Carbone gishobora kandi gukuramo CO2 mu kirere, bigakora igihe gito cya karuboni (<100000 imyaka) muburyo bwa HCO3-.

Ubu ni inzira iringaniye.Iyo ingano ya dioxyde de carbone yakiriwe nikirere cyarenze igipimo cy’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, ubwinshi bwa dioxyde de carbone mu kirere butangira kugabanuka vuba, kugeza imyuka ya parike irangiye burundu n'ubushyuhe butangira kugabanuka.Ibibarafu ku nkingi ebyiri z'isi bitangira gukwirakwira mu bwisanzure.Mugihe ubuso bwibarafu bwiyongera, haribintu byinshi kandi byera hejuru yubuso bwisi, kandi urumuri rwizuba rugaragarira mukirere nisi yurubura, Byarushijeho gukaza umurego mubushyuhe no kwihutisha imiterere yibibarafu.Umubare wibarafu ikonje wiyongera - urumuri rwizuba rwinshi - kurushaho gukonja - ibibarafu byinshi byera.Muri uku kuzunguruka, ibibarafu ku nkingi zombi bikonjesha buhoro buhoro inyanja zose, amaherezo bikiza ku mugabane wegereye ekwateri, hanyuma amaherezo ikora urubura runini rufite uburebure bwa metero zirenga 3000, ruzenguruka isi rwose mu mupira wa barafu na shelegi. .Muri iki gihe, ingaruka zo kuzamura imyuka y’amazi ku isi zaragabanutse cyane, kandi umwuka wari wumye bidasanzwe.Imirasire y'izuba yamurikiye Isi nta bwoba, hanyuma igaruka inyuma.Ubwinshi bwimirasire ya ultraviolet nubushyuhe bukonje byatumye bidashoboka ko ubuzima ubwo aribwo bwose bubaho hejuru yisi.Abahanga bavuga Isi mu myaka miriyari nka 'Isi Yera' cyangwa 'Isi ya Snowball'

03 Gushonga kwisi ya Snowball

Ukwezi gushize, ubwo naganiraga n'inshuti zanjye kubyerekeye Isi muri iki gihe, hari uwambajije ati: 'Nkurikije uku kuzenguruka, Isi igomba guhora ikonje.Nigute yashonga nyuma? '?Iri ni ryo tegeko rikomeye rya kamere n'imbaraga zo kwikosora.

Nkuko Isi yuzuyeho urubura rugera kuri metero 3000 z'ubugari, urutare n'umwuka birigunze, kandi urutare ntirushobora kwinjiza dioxyde de carbone binyuze mubihe.Nyamara, ibikorwa byisi ubwabyo birashobora gutuma habaho kuruka kwikirunga, kurekura buhoro buhoro umwuka wa karuboni mukirere.Dukurikije imibare y’abahanga, niba dushaka ko urubura rwo ku isi rwa Snowball rwashonga, ubunini bwa dioxyde de carbone bugomba kuba hafi inshuro 350 ubunini bw’ubu ku isi, bingana na 13% by’ikirere cyose (ubu ni 0.03%), na iyi nzira yo kwiyongera iratinda cyane.Byatwaye imyaka igera kuri miriyoni 30 kugirango ikirere cyisi gikusanyirize karuboni ya dioxyde na metani ihagije, bigira ingaruka zikomeye za parike.Ibibarafu byatangiye gushonga, kandi imigabane yegereye ekwateri yatangiye kwerekana urubura.Ubutaka bwerekanwe bwari bwijimye kurusha urubura, bukurura ubushyuhe bwinshi bwizuba kandi butangiza ibitekerezo byiza.Ubushyuhe bwisi bwarushijeho kwiyongera, ibibarafu byaragabanutse, bigaragaza urumuri ruke rwizuba, kandi byerekana amabuye menshi, Gukuramo ubushyuhe bwinshi, buhoro buhoro bikora imigezi idakonje… kandi isi itangira gukira!

Ukwezi gushize, ubwo naganiraga n'inshuti zanjye kubyerekeye Isi muri iki gihe, hari uwambajije ati: 'Nkurikije uku kuzenguruka, Isi igomba guhora ikonje.Nigute yashonga nyuma? '?Iri ni ryo tegeko rikomeye rya kamere n'imbaraga zo kwikosora.

Nkuko Isi yuzuyeho urubura rugera kuri metero 3000 z'ubugari, urutare n'umwuka birigunze, kandi urutare ntirushobora kwinjiza dioxyde de carbone binyuze mubihe.Nyamara, ibikorwa byisi ubwabyo birashobora gutuma habaho kuruka kwikirunga, kurekura buhoro buhoro umwuka wa karuboni mukirere.Dukurikije imibare y’abahanga, niba dushaka ko urubura rwo ku isi rwa Snowball rwashonga, ubunini bwa dioxyde de carbone bugomba kuba hafi inshuro 350 ubunini bw’ubu ku isi, bingana na 13% by’ikirere cyose (ubu ni 0.03%), na iyi nzira yo kwiyongera iratinda cyane.Byatwaye imyaka igera kuri miriyoni 30 kugirango ikirere cyisi gikusanyirize karuboni ya dioxyde na metani ihagije, bigira ingaruka zikomeye za parike.Ibibarafu byatangiye gushonga, kandi imigabane yegereye ekwateri yatangiye kwerekana urubura.Ubutaka bwerekanwe bwari bwijimye kurusha urubura, bukurura ubushyuhe bwinshi bwizuba kandi butangiza ibitekerezo byiza.Ubushyuhe bwisi bwarushijeho kwiyongera, ibibarafu byaragabanutse, bigaragaza urumuri ruke rwizuba, kandi byerekana amabuye menshi, Gukuramo ubushyuhe bwinshi, buhoro buhoro bikora imigezi idakonje… kandi isi itangira gukira!

Ubwinshi bwamategeko kamere nibidukikije byisi birenze kure imyumvire yacu nibitekerezo byacu.Ubwiyongere bw'ikirere cya CO2 butera ubushyuhe bukabije ku isi, kandi ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwongera imiterere y’imiterere y’ibitare.Ingano ya CO2 yakuwe mu kirere nayo iriyongera, bityo igahagarika imikurire yihuse ya CO2 yo mu kirere kandi biganisha ku gukonja kwisi, bigakora uburyo bubi bwo gutanga ibitekerezo.Ku rundi ruhande, iyo ubushyuhe bw’isi buri hasi, ubukana bw’ikirere cy’imiti nabwo buri ku rwego rwo hasi, kandi umuvuduko wo kwinjiza ikirere cya CO2 ni muto cyane.Kubera iyo mpamvu, CO2 itangwa n’ibikorwa by’ibirunga hamwe na metamorphism yo mu rutare irashobora kwegeranya, igateza imbere iterambere ry’isi igana ku bushyuhe no gukumira ubushyuhe bw’isi kuba hasi cyane.

Ihinduka, rikunze gupimwa mumyaka miriyari, ntabwo arikintu abantu bashobora kugenzura.Nkabanyamuryango basanzwe ba kamere, icyo tugomba gukora cyane nukumenyera ibidukikije no kubahiriza amategeko yayo, aho guhindura cyangwa gusenya ibidukikije.Kurengera ibidukikije no gukunda ubuzima nibyo buri muntu agomba gukora, bitabaye ibyo tuzahura gusa no kurimbuka.